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The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July, of that year.〔(Decree-translation )〕 The edict was formally revoked on 16 December 1968,〔(1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain ) – ''The New York Times'', 17 Dec 1968〕 following the Second Vatican Council. In 2014, the government of Spain passed a law allowing dual citizenship to Jewish descendants who apply, in order to "compensate for shameful events in the country’s past."〔("Sephardic Jews eager to apply for Spanish citizenship" ), ''Washington Post'', Feb. 17, 2014〕 Thus, Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews expelled from Spain due to the Alhambra Decree, and can prove it, can "become Spaniards without leaving home or giving up their present nationality."〔("1492 and all that" ), ''The Economist'', Feb. 22, 2014〕〔http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/02/opinion/repatriating-spains-jews.html?_r=0〕 == Background == (詳細はMuslims had conquered and settled most of the Iberian Peninsula. Jews, who had lived in these regions since Roman times, were considered "People of the Book" and given special status and often thrived.〔(and were often butchered under Muslim rule but certainly lived under oppressive second class citizen conditions. The Ornament of the World by María Rosa Menocal ), Accessed, 12 June 2006.〕 The tolerance of the Muslim Moorish rulers of ''al-Andalus'' attracted Jewish immigration, and Jewish enclaves in Muslim Iberian cities flourished as places of learning and commerce. Progressively, however, living conditions for Jews in ''al-Andalus'' became harsher, especially after the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate.〔 The ''Reconquista'', the gradual reconquest of Muslim Iberia by the Christian kingdoms, was driven by a powerful religious motivation: to reclaim Iberia for Christendom following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania centuries before. By the 14th century, most of the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal) had been conquered by the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, León, Galicia, Navarre, and Portugal. Overt hostility against Jews became more pronounced, finding expression in brutal episodes of violence and oppression. Thousands of Jews sought to escape these attacks by converting to Christianity; they were commonly called ''conversos'', New Christians, or ''marranos''. At first these conversions seemed an effective solution to the cultural conflict: many ''converso'' families met with social and commercial success. But eventually their success made these new Catholics unpopular with some of the clergy of the Church and royal hierarchies. These suspicions on the part of Christians were only heightened by the fact that some of the coerced conversions were undoubtedly insincere. Some, but not all, ''conversos'' had understandably chosen to salvage their social and commercial prestige by the only option open to them – baptism and embrace of Christianity – while privately adhering to their Jewish practice and faith. These secret practitioners are commonly referred to as crypto-Jews or ''marranos''. The existence of crypto-Jews was a provocation for secular and ecclesiastical leaders who were already hostile toward Spain's Jewry. The uncertainty over the sincerity of Jewish converts added fuel to the fire of antisemitism in 15th century Spain. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alhambra Decree」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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